Knowledge & Data

Everything you need to understand carbon markets

Methodology documentation, original research, API guides, market glossary, and educational content — built for everyone from first-time buyers to institutional trading desks.

180+
Methodology documents covering every project type and registry standard
40+
Original research reports published on carbon market structure and integrity
600+
Glossary terms covering carbon markets, registries, and climate policy
Free
All methodology documentation and research reports publicly available

Ratings Methodology

Transparent methodology.
Publicly auditable.

Every weighting, every factor, every data source — published in full. Carbon ratings mean nothing without understanding how they're produced.

Explore Methodology
v4.2
Core Ratings Framework

The complete SYNE Carbon ratings framework — 10 rating factors, weighting methodology, scoring rubrics, and AAA–D scale definitions. Updated quarterly.

PDF · 84 pagesUpdated Jan 2026
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v2.1
Nature-Based Solutions

Additionality, permanence, and leakage assessment for REDD+, ARR, IFM, blue carbon, and soil carbon projects. Includes satellite data integration protocols.

PDF · 62 pagesUpdated Dec 2025
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v1.8
Technology Removals

Rating framework for DACCS, BECCS, enhanced weathering, and ocean alkalinity enhancement. MRV standards, permanence scoring, and technology readiness levels.

PDF · 48 pagesUpdated Nov 2025
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v1.4
Article 6 & CORSIA

Corresponding adjustment eligibility, ITMO quality criteria, CORSIA-approved programme assessment, and bilateral agreement compliance scoring methodology.

PDF · 36 pagesUpdated Oct 2025
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v3.0
MRV & Digital Monitoring

Satellite monitoring standards, IoT sensor accreditation, DMRV system scoring, uncertainty quantification protocols, and verification body independence requirements.

PDF · 54 pagesUpdated Sep 2025
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v1.2
Co-Benefits & ESG

SYNE Impact Value scoring — biodiversity, community, water, and SDG co-benefit assessment criteria. Third-party certification mapping and ESG reporting integration.

PDF · 28 pagesUpdated Aug 2025
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Methodology Governance

All SYNE Carbon methodology documents are reviewed annually by our independent Scientific Advisory Board and are subject to public consultation before major version updates. Methodology disputes are resolved by our Ratings Appeals Panel.

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Research & Reports

Original research on
carbon market integrity

Independent, data-driven analysis of market structure, credit quality trends, registry performance, and climate policy developments — published quarterly.

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Market Analysis Dec 2025

REDD+ Credit Quality Trends: A Five-Year Retrospective Using Satellite Verification

Analysis of 620 REDD+ projects showing additionality improvement trends following integrity crisis — and which registries and methodologies have improved most.

42 pages · Free Download →
Policy Brief Nov 2025

Article 6 at COP30: What the Dubai Outcomes Mean for ITMO Pricing and Corresponding Adjustments

Policy analysis of the Article 6 rulebook evolution and its implications for bilateral deal structures, CORSIA eligibility, and credit demand from compliance buyers.

28 pages · Free Download →
Pricing Research Oct 2025

The Quality Premium: How SYNE Carbon Ratings Predict VCM Price Divergence Across Methodologies

Quantitative study showing AAA-rated credits trading at a $6–12 premium over BBB-rated credits of the same vintage and registry — and why the gap is widening.

34 pages · Free Download →
Technical Paper Sep 2025

Satellite-Based Forest Carbon Monitoring: Accuracy Benchmarks Across 12 Earth Observation Systems

Technical comparison of Sentinel-2, Landsat-9, GEDI, and commercial SAR systems for above-ground biomass estimation across tropical and boreal forest projects.

56 pages · Free Download →
Market Analysis Aug 2025

Technology Removal Scaling: Cost Curves, Registry Capacity, and the Path to 1 GtCO₂e by 2035

Forward-looking analysis of DACCS, BECCS, and enhanced weathering cost trajectories, credit pricing dynamics, and the registry infrastructure needed to support gigaton-scale volumes.

48 pages · Free Download →
Policy Brief Jul 2025

CBAM and the Carbon Market: How EU Border Adjustment Reshapes VCM Demand from European Importers

Analysis of how CBAM obligations are driving corporate offsetting behaviour, which sectors face the highest exposure, and what credit quality standards they are adopting.

22 pages · Free Download →

Developer Documentation

Build with the
SYNE Carbon API

REST endpoints and WebSocket streams for ratings, market pricing, registry flows, and Article 6 intelligence. SDKs for Python, JavaScript, and R.

SYNE Carbon API — Example Request
# Get ratings for a project
GET /v1/ratings/{project_id}
# Response
{
"project_id": "VCS-1234",
"rating": "AA",
"score": 84.2,
"additionality": 88.1,
"permanence": 81.4,
"mrv_quality": 79.8,
"last_updated": "2026-01-28"
}
Ratings API

Query AAA–D ratings, factor scores, dimension breakdowns, and rating history for any project. Filter by registry, type, geography, vintage, and rating tier. REST + WebSocket.

Market Pricing API

Real-time ETS allowance prices, VCM spot prices, forward curves, and historical timeseries. EU ETS, UK ETS, CCA, RGGI, China ETS, CORSIA, and VCM benchmarks.

Registry Flow API

Live issuance, retirement, cancellation, and transfer events across 12 connected registries. Filter by registry, project type, vintage, and date range with webhook delivery.

Article 6 API

Bilateral agreement status, ITMO transfer volumes, corresponding adjustment tracking, and Art. 6.4 pipeline data from UNFCCC and national registry feeds in real time.

Python SDK

Official Python client library for the SYNE Carbon API. Async support, automatic retry, type hints, pandas integration, and Jupyter-ready helpers for data science workflows.

JavaScript SDK

Node.js and browser-compatible JavaScript SDK. Promise-based with TypeScript types, WebSocket subscription helpers, and React hooks for real-time data display.

Webhooks

Push notifications for rating changes, registry events, and price alerts. Configurable filters, retry logic, HMAC signature verification, and delivery logs for event-driven architectures.

R Package

CRAN-registered R package for carbon market researchers and quantitative analysts. Tidy data outputs, ggplot2 integration, and vignettes for common research workflows.

Insights Blog

Latest thinking on
carbon markets

Analysis, explainers, and commentary from the SYNE Carbon team — covering market developments, methodology updates, and the broader climate finance landscape.

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Methodology

How we score permanence for Direct Air Capture vs. REDD+: A framework comparison

Permanence means something very different for a 1,000-year geological storage site versus a 30-year forest protection agreement. Our methodology lead explains the scoring differences and why they matter for buyers.

Dr. Amara Kowalski
21 Jan 2026
Policy

Article 6 bilateral agreements: which ones actually have corresponding adjustments in place

38 bilateral agreements are tracked on the SYNE Carbon platform. But how many have operational corresponding adjustments? We break down the status of every active agreement as of January 2026.

Lars Böhm · CCO
14 Jan 2026
Data & Science

GEDI vs. Sentinel-2 for tropical forest biomass: what our 3-year study found

Three years of comparing NASA GEDI lidar data with Sentinel-2 multispectral analysis across 180 tropical forest projects. The results have direct implications for how we score MRV quality in nature-based ratings.

Linto Cherukattu · CTO
7 Jan 2026
Market Analysis

CORSIA Phase 2 starts: which credits qualify, what's the supply picture, and where prices are heading

Aviation offsetting enters its mandatory phase in 2024. We analyse the eligible credit universe, projected airline demand, and whether current VCM supply can meet CORSIA obligations through 2035.

Market Intelligence Team
18 Dec 2025

Glossary

600+ carbon market
terms defined

From additionality to zero-net, our glossary covers every term across compliance markets, VCM, registries, climate policy, and carbon finance.

Browse Full Glossary →
A
Additionality

The principle that a carbon project's emission reductions or removals would not have occurred without the incentive provided by carbon finance. The most critical and most commonly contested dimension of carbon credit integrity.

Allowance (EUA/UKA)

A unit representing the right to emit one tonne of CO₂ equivalent under a compliance Emissions Trading Scheme such as the EU ETS (European Union Allowance) or UK ETS (UK Allowance).

Article 6 (Paris Agreement)

The section of the Paris Agreement establishing frameworks for international carbon market cooperation, including bilateral ITMO transfers (Art. 6.2), a UN-supervised mechanism (Art. 6.4), and non-market approaches (Art. 6.8).

C
Carbon Credit

A tradeable instrument representing one tonne of CO₂ equivalent emissions reduced, avoided, or removed. Credits are issued by registries upon third-party verification of claimed climate outcomes.

Corresponding Adjustment

An accounting adjustment required under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. When a country transfers ITMOs to another country, it must add the transferred amount to its own NDC accounting to avoid double-counting.

CORSIA

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation. ICAO's global market-based measure requiring airlines to offset CO₂ growth above 2019 levels using approved carbon credits.

L – P
Leakage

The displacement of emissions from a protected area to an unprotected area as a result of carbon market intervention. Market leakage (commodity price effects) and activity displacement are the two main types.

MRV

Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification. The set of processes used to measure, document, and independently validate the carbon outcomes of a project. MRV quality is a key dimension in SYNE Carbon ratings.

Permanence

The expected duration over which carbon reductions or removals will remain in place. Projects with high reversal risk — such as forests in politically unstable regions — receive lower permanence scores.

Webinars & Events

Live sessions with
market experts

Monthly webinars, methodology deep-dives, and panel events with carbon market practitioners, scientists, and policymakers — all recordings freely available.

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Upcoming
18
Feb 2026

Article 6 Bilateral Agreements in 2026: Which Markets Are Ready to Trade?

Live panel with government negotiators and carbon market traders on the operational status of Article 6 bilateral agreements and what ITMO pricing will look like in 2026.

🎥 Live Webinar · 60 min Free Registration
Register Free →
Upcoming
5
Mar 2026

SYNE Carbon Methodology Update v4.3: What's Changing in Nature-Based Ratings

Dr. Amara Kowalski walks through the forthcoming v4.3 methodology changes including updated leakage belt assessment and revised buffer pool requirements for REDD+ projects.

🎥 Live Webinar · 45 min Free Registration
Register Free →
Recorded
21
Jan 2026

State of the VCM 2025: Annual Review Findings with SYNE Carbon

Ginu George presents key findings from the annual State of the VCM report — quality premium trends, tech removal growth, and the Article 6 inflection point.

▶ Recording · 52 min 3,200 views
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Recorded
10
Dec 2025

Building a Carbon Data Pipeline: Live Coding Session with the SYNE Carbon API

Technical walkthrough — fetching ratings, pricing, and registry flows via the API using Python. From authentication to building a live dashboard in under 30 minutes.

▶ Recording · 48 min 1,840 views
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Recorded
14
Nov 2025

CORSIA Phase 2 Explainer: Eligible Credits, Airline Obligations, and 2035 Supply Outlook

In-depth webinar on CORSIA Phase 2 mechanics — which credits qualify, how airline obligations are calculated, and whether VCM supply can meet demand through 2035.

▶ Recording · 55 min 2,100 views
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Recorded
22
Oct 2025

Satellite MRV Deep-Dive: How SYNE Carbon Uses Earth Observation to Validate Forest Carbon

Linto Cherukattu walks through the Earth Intelligence stack — from raw Sentinel-2 data to validated above-ground biomass estimates and how it feeds directly into MRV quality scores.

▶ Recording · 62 min 1,620 views
Watch Recording →
SYNE Carbon — Resources

Ready to go deeper?

Access the full SYNE Carbon platform — live ratings, real-time market data, and API access — or speak to our team about your specific use case.